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Article Case

Shale, Quakes, and High Stakes: Regulating Fracking-Induced Seismicity in Oklahoma, USA and Lancashire, UK

Miriam R. Aczel and Karen E. Makuch
Case Studies in the Environment July 2019, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/cse.2018.001719
Miriam R. Aczel
Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London
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  • For correspondence: miriam.aczel14@imperial.ac.uk
Karen E. Makuch
Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London
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Abstract

High-volume hydraulic fracturing combined with horizontal drilling has “revolutionized” the United States’ oil and gas industry by allowing extraction of previously inaccessible oil and gas trapped in shale rock [1]. Although the United States has extracted shale gas in different states for several decades, the United Kingdom is in the early stages of developing its domestic shale gas resources, in the hopes of replicating the United States’ commercial success with the technologies [2, 3]. However, the extraction of shale gas using hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling poses potential risks to the environment and natural resources, human health, and communities and local livelihoods. Risks include contamination of water resources, air pollution, and induced seismic activity near shale gas operation sites. This paper examines the regulation of potential induced seismic activity in Oklahoma, USA, and Lancashire, UK, and concludes with recommendations for strengthening these protections.

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Shale, Quakes, and High Stakes: Regulating Fracking-Induced Seismicity in Oklahoma, USA and Lancashire, UK
Miriam R. Aczel, Karen E. Makuch
Case Studies in the Environment Jul 2019, DOI: 10.1525/cse.2018.001719

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Shale, Quakes, and High Stakes: Regulating Fracking-Induced Seismicity in Oklahoma, USA and Lancashire, UK
Miriam R. Aczel, Karen E. Makuch
Case Studies in the Environment Jul 2019, DOI: 10.1525/cse.2018.001719
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • INTRODUCTION
    • AIMS AND METHODOLOGY
    • REGULATORY GAPS
    • POTENTIAL SOURCES OF RISK
    • HYDRAULIC FRACTURING LIFECYCLE IMPACTS
    • UK REGULATION
    • REGULATION SPECIFIC TO SEISMIC ACTIVITY
    • SEISMIC ACTIVITY LEADING TO A MORATORIUM IN LANCASHIRE
    • PUBLIC OPPOSITION IN THE UK
    • SEISMIC ACTIVITY AND WASTEWATER INJECTION
    • THE CASE FOR PRECAUTION
    • REGULATION OF SHALE GAS IN THE UNITED STATES
    • GAPS IN THE REGULATIONS: SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    • FRACKING IN OKLAHOMA
    • NEW RISKS AND UNCHARTED TERRITORY
    • OKLAHOMA’S UPDATED REGULATIONS
    • SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF INDUCED EARTHQUAKES
    • CONCLUSION
    • RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE UK
    • LEARNING OUTCOMES AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
    • AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
    • FUNDING
    • COMPETING INTERESTS
    • Acknowledgments
    • Footnotes
    • REFERENCES
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